Abstract:
Agricultural waste leads to a number of environmental issues, including pollution and environmental degradation. In
Nigeria, Zea mays husk is one of the most prevalent agricultural wastes, and it can be turned into a valuable resource of
quality cellulose. The goal of this study was to establish a low-cost and sustainable chemical treatment method for
isolating cellulose from Z. mays husk feedstock. A series of alkaline delignification, digesting, and bleaching
techniques were used to extract and purify cellulose. TAPPI T203 OS-74, TAPPI T222 OS-83 and TAPPI T222 OM-
02 methods were used to determine the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, respectively. The samples were
also characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
and CHNS/O analyses. The resulting product was found to contain 97.95% α-cellulose, 0.19% β-cellulose, and 1.86%
γ-cellulose. The presence of 40.95% carbon, 2.98% hydrogen, 0.72% nitrogen, 0.07% sulphur, and 55.28% oxygen was
found by the CHNS/O analysis of cellulose. The untreated husk microscopy displayed an uneven, flake-like, and non-
uniform surface, whereas the delignified husk, digested husk, and pure cellulose (ZMH-C) micrographs revealed,
respectively, a smooth non-uniform surface, an irregular porous surface, and a smooth wool-like surface. The FTIR
spectra of the treated samples demonstrated an increase in the intensity of the polar property of the OH group, as well
as the elimination of the hemiacetal group and β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. The ZMH-C diffractogram verified the
existence of characteristic 2θ peaks of cellulose at 220, 240, and 300, as well as a 4.7% crystallinity index. The
comparatively low-temperature sequential alkaline delignification, digesting, and bleaching method adopted extracted
low-lignin crystalline cellulose material from Z. mays husk. The flexibility, biodegradability, and availability of husk
make it a viable source of high-quality cellulose with several possible applications. Z. mays cellulose has been thus
demonstrated to be an appealing material for a wide variety of industries seeking environmentally acceptable and
sustainable solutions.
